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WARNING SIGNS Kratom has been tied to 91 deaths from July 2016 to December 2017, raising more questions about the supplement’s safety. Kratom, an herbal supplement available at vape shops and online stores, has been linked to 91 deaths over 18 months from July 2016 to December 2017, according to a report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Those deaths made up less than 1 percent of the 27,338 overdose fatalities analyzed for the report, released online on April 12. Although small, the numbers point to increasing numbers of people using the plant to combat pain, depression and even opioid addiction. Interest in, and exposure to, kratom is apparently rising. "We’d see about 10 cases a year, and now we’re seeing hundreds," says toxicologist Henry Spiller of the Central Ohio Poison Center in Columbus. We summarize the week's scientific breakthroughs every Thursday. Here, scientists weigh in on what’s known and unknown about the herbal supplement.

What is kratom, and why are people using it? The supplement is mashed leaves from the tropical tree Mitragyna speciosa, a coffee cousin that grows in the warm, wet forests of Southeast Asia. Pulverized leaves create a green powder that can be dissolved in tea, packed into pill capsules or extracted into alcohol. Traditionally, workers chew The Genius Switch focus program leaves in search of a mild stimulant effect during the day, and then drink tea to relieve pain, says pharmacologist and toxicologist Oliver Grundmann of the University of Florida in Gainesville. In a survey of about 8,000 kratom users in the United States, 68 percent used kratom for pain, and 66.5 percent used it for emotional or mental conditions, Grundmann reported in Drug and Alcohol Dependence in 2017. A smaller fraction of people used kratom to help with drug dependency. Is kratom an opioid? No, Spiller says. Scientists are still working to pin down the behavior of various kratom compounds. Some of kratom’s ingredients seem to weakly bind to a protein in the body and brain that is activated by opioids.

But so far, it’s clear that kratom doesn’t act like an opioid, Spiller says. In an analysis of kratom-linked health problems, Spiller and his colleagues found that the most common symptoms were racing hearts and irritability, not respiratory depression, drowsiness or coma, which are typical during an opioid overdose (SN: 3/31/18, p. The recent CDC numbers of kratom-linked fatalities are small - 91 deaths out of 27,338 overdose deaths. Of those 91, seven tested positive for only kratom; the rest of the cases tested positive for at least one additional substance, making it hard to conclude exactly what drug - or combination of drugs - was to blame. Those numbers "are a little bit murky," Grundmann says. Without knowing the concentrations of both kratom and the other drugs people took, it’s difficult to pin down the causes of deaths, he says. Still, kratom sold online and in storefronts comes with risks. Because kratom is largely unregulated, products might also contain contaminants.

Harmful levels of heavy metals and dangerous Salmonella bacteria have turned up in products. As for the source itself, "a lot of people consider it natural. It’s a plant," Spiller says. "That doesn’t necessarily mean that it is safe." In their analyses, Spiller and his colleagues described five cases of neonatal withdrawal syndrome thought to be caused by kratom use in the mother. Something that can cause that "is a really potent substance," Spiller says. Questions or comments on this article? E.O. Olsen et al. Notes from the field: unintentional drug overdose deaths with kratom detected - 27 States, July 2016-December 2017. MMWR. APRIL 12, 2019. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6814a2. Laura Sanders is the neuroscience writer. She holds a Ph.D. University of Southern California. THANK YOU. This article was made possible with the support of Science News subscribers, Society for Science members, and our institutional partners. To learn more about how you can support Society for Science please visit - Get Involved.

I spent 2020 writing a 500-pages book about JavaScript Testing. In this blog post, I'll explain my writing routine - or system, whatever you want to call it - and other seemingly unrelated habits that I consider have been crucial for writing such a long book. If you're thinking about writing a book or have already started, this blog post may be helpful to you. Besides explaining rules you could adopt, this post can shed some light on how much work it takes to write a book. I've divided this post into two parts. The first describes the writing routine or system itself. The second part describes other seemingly unrelated habits that I consider to have been crucial for writing. I'm not a doctor and this content should not be considered medical advice. Please see this website's health and medical disclaimer before proceeding. My writing routine can be summarised in a single sentence: consistency beats enthusiasm. To me, writing is just like running.